largest immigrant groups by state

A small minority of non-citizen respondents6 percentclaim some other visa status. according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, Texas, Washington, New York and California, California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%), 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language, more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans, Key facts about U.S. immigration policies and Bidens proposed changes, Most Latinos say U.S. immigration system needs big changes, 60% of Americans Would Be Uncomfortable With Provider Relying on AI in Their Own Health Care, The changing face of Congress in 8 charts. Data from the Center for Migration Studies shows that 78% of immigrants in California were either naturalized or had some other legal status (including green cards and visas), and about 22% were undocumented as of 2019. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. In 2018, China accounted for 149,000 of the new immigrants entering the United States, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000), and the Philippines (46,000). Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. In 2020, Californias Department of Fair Employment and Housing filed a lawsuit against U.S.-based technology company Cisco Systems after an employee from one of Indias historically marginalized caste communities (Dalits) alleged that some of his upper caste Indian American colleagues discriminated against him on the basis of his caste identity.7 The suit, and subsequent media melee, triggered a wave of wrenching testimonials about the entrenched nature of castea marker of hierarchy and status associated with Hinduism (as well as other South Asian religions)within the diaspora community in the United States.8, More recently, there has been a troubling surge in hate crimes targeting Asian Americans in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. Differences exist state-to-state in the proportion of people born outside of the U.S. For 21 states, including Texas, immigrants from India represented the largest group after those from Mexico. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelors or higher. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population. Interestingly, those born outside of the United States are most likely to say that they feel equally Indian and Americannearly one in two fall into this category (as do 38 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans).35 A slightly higher share of U.S.-born Indian Americans (7 percent) than foreign-born Indian Americans (4 percent) claim that they feel neither Indian nor American. Self-identification also varies by religion. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. If one restricts attention to respondents aged twenty-five and older, nearly 80 percent have either a college or postgraduate degree (compared to 73 percent in the overall sample). As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. Religious affiliation too correlates with ones feelings toward their Indian identity. Fifty-four percent of Republicans say they are very comfortable having Democratic friends. Whereas 53 percent of foreign-born Hindu Indian Americans affiliate with a caste group, 34 percent of U.S.-born Hindu Indian Americans do the same. Another 31 percent report little or no participation in religious services, claiming they do so seldom or never. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. Taken together, more than three-quarters of Indian Americans place a high value on their Indian-ness. Around 22 percent state that their Indian identity is either somewhat or very unimportant.32. At the time, most immigrants from what was then British India were in fact Sikhs, not Hindus. The survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a particular background. The length of ones stay in the United States also plays an important role in shaping self-identification. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Other regions contributing smaller percentages of immigrants included the Middle East and North Africa (4%), sub-Saharan Africa (5%), South America (7%), Central America (8%), the Caribbean (10%), and as well as Europe, Canada and other North America (13%). And how might their self-conception influence the composition of their social networks? They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. They are more likely to say they are very comfortable having Democratic than Republican friends, and three times as many say they would not be comfortable having close Republican friends than close Democratic friends. Comments. Give Orange. citizens. The survey also asks respondents about their educational attainment, which provides insight into the socioeconomic profile of Indians in America. To measure interreligious social distance, the survey asks respondents how comfortable they would be having close friends that are Hindu or Muslim. Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. Indian Americans who have no allegiance to either major party hold slightly asymmetric views as well. Report. 24 Christine Tamir, Aidan Connaughton, and Ariana Monique Salazar, The Global God Divide, Pew Research Center, July 20, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/. Thirty-six percent of Hindus with a household income below $50,000 identify with caste, but that share rises to 50 percent among households making between $50,000$100,000 and 52 percent for those above $100,000. Minnesota has proportionally fewer immigrants compared to the nation as a whole, but we have long been a state shaped by immigration. How do they respond to the dual impulses of assimilation and integration? Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2017, accounting for 3.2% of the nations population. . As one might expect, the composition of respondents social networks varies by their birthplace. Nearly half or around 45% of all Asian immigrants or those of Asian origins live in the West, with around a third (31%) currently living in California . The IAAS asks respondents, Which of the following best describes your personal group of friends? Respondents choose from a list of five possible responses (not counting dont know): that all, most, some, very few, or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Cuba 16,367. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. One possibility is that the person or persons engaged in caste discrimination could be from another South Asian country, where caste might be a meaningful marker of status and hold greater salience.50 Another possibility is that respondents interpret caste discrimination as a stand-in for other forms of discriminationon the basis of skin color or country of origin, for example. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. Apart from attending religious services, the survey asks respondents how frequently they pray (outside of the times they attend religious services). One should treat these findings with caution. Finally, given the sensitive nature of caste identity, nonresponses in the survey could mask those who do not wish to disclose their caste affiliation even if they are aware of their familys caste identity. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. This suggests that the evidence of polarization, while real, should not be overinterpreted either. This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. But members of this group exhibit significant variation in terms of their visa status (see figure 1). Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . Relative to Muslims, Christians and Hindus are equally likely to self-identify as Indian American (47 percent each versus 32 percent for Muslims), and Hindus are substantially more likely to self-identify as Indian (32 percent versus 17 percent for Christians and 12 percent for Muslims). Cubans are among the top five foreign-born groups in the South . The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. My dad and mom told my brother and me that we came to America to be Americans. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. Seventy percent state that they strongly or somewhat agree with the statement. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. 1 (2015): 51104. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. by subscribing, you agree to our Privacy Policy. To what degree do Indian Americans engage with American politics, their civic community, and Indian culture? For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B here. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Please join us on the important journey to make Dallas a better place! Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Fifty-eight percent of Christians report attending church at least once or several times per week. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents, while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care. According to the data, the modal response of Indian Americans is that they weigh the two sides of their identity equally: 45 percent feel equally Indian and American. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. The results are displayed in figure 11. Of course, the composition of ones social networks is likely to be affected by their location. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. When it comes to online discussions of politics, 28 percent of U.S.-born citizens posted comments about political issues on an online forum, compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. The IAAS sample includes both citizens and non-U.S. citizens; the former category accounts for 77 percent of the survey respondents. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. Overall, Hindi is the most common mother tongue (19 percent), followed by Gujarati (14 percent), English only (10 percent), and Telugu (10 percent)the latter is the primary language of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.22 Eight percent of respondents report Tamil as their mother tongue, while 7 percent apiece report Punjabi or Bengali. Additionally, a narrow focus on demographics such as income, wealth, education, and professional success can obscure important (and sometimes uncomfortable) social truths. Give Orange. On the other end of the spectrum, 30 percent of Indian Americans born in the United States answer that being Indian is either somewhat or very unimportant to their identitya response given by just 17 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans. At the time of writing, India is reeling under a devastating resurgence of the coronavirus. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. However, whereas the earlier data looked at political leaders and organizations, this section reviews interpersonal attitudes. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. The national origins of such immigrant populations likewise differ significantly. Twenty-seven percent are H-1B visa holders, a visa status for high-skilled or specialty workers in the United States that has historically been dominated by the technology sector. The survey furthers asks respondents to assess whether they believe that domestic politics in India might be creating or exacerbating divisions within the Indian American community. As the United States witnesses a resurgence of violence and hate speech targeting Asian Americans, how might it affect Americans of Indian origin? Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%). The actual change is expected to come in 2055, when Asians will become the largest immigrant group at 36 percent, compared with Hispanics at 34 percent. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main Where does this leave the Indian American community and its role in promoting U.S.-India relations? Given that only 5 percent of IAAS respondents report being victims of caste discrimination, any subgroup analysis must be interpreted with due care given the small sample sizes involved. That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000). (2022) By tidal93341. According to YouGov, its panel outperformed its peer competitors evaluated in this Pew study. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. South Korea 16,244. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants. Sixty-four percent of respondents call a single state their home state, while 12 percent identify with multiple home states. First, the survey asked respondents how important being Indian is to their identity. Interestingly, more than half of all Hindu respondents (56 percent) celebrate Christmas compared to just one in five Muslim respondents. For complete survey topline results, please visit Appendix B online. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). The tool also displays the share that all immigrants comprise of the state's total population. The first part looks at three types of engagement: civic, political, and cultural. The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! On the contrary, India continues to exist in the present as it influences the lives of the diasporaeven as its members chart a new path in their adopted home. Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. Its rapidly growing size, economic success, and growing political visibility have given it greater salience in American life. We are grateful to Tobin Hansen of Carnegie for his assistance with the design and the analysis of the survey. Indian Americans who are born in the United States are more likely to identify as Indian American (48 to 40 percent) and markedly less likely to identify as Indian (just 11 percent compared to 33 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans). 22 There is no one-to-one correspondence between Hindi and an Indian state of origin since the language is spoken across a broad swath of states, especially but not exclusively in north and central India. In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. 3 (2012): 405431; Matthew Levendusky and Neil Malhotra, Does Media Coverage of Partisan Polarization Affect Political Attitudes?, Political Communication 33, no. Thirty-one percent state that they feel more American than Indian and 19 percent state the conversethat they feel more Indian than American. . In terms of attending religious services, there is also significant variation within the Indian American community. 36 A November 2020 Pew survey of American voters found that 36 percent of respondents demonstrated support for a candidate on social media, one quarter contributed money to a political campaign, 10 percent said they attended a virtual political rally or online campaign event, and 6 percent attended an online campaign event. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. 34 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 2022. Further analysis shows that both age and duration of stay in the United States are important. 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. Interestingly, among IAAS respondents, Diwali emerges as the most celebrated holiday63 percent of respondents report that they celebrate the Indian festival of lights (see figure 16). Because the results are largely the same, this study only reports results from the former. India tops that list in 21 states. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. Responses are very divided. However, the results point in the opposite direction. 18 An additional 5 percent of respondents report not having an OCI card or being unsure of their OCI status. See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. Finally, the survey examines the identity of the person(s) responsible for engaging in discriminatory behavior. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens.

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