snuff for sinus infection

headache. Here are some tips to for hydrated sinuses: Shop for a humidifier and saline nasal spray. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Injecting bleach, taking a hot bath, and laying out in the sun have all been falsely touted as treatments for Covid. These work by narrowing blood vessels to help reduce inflammation and swelling that cause sinus congestion. Follow the directions supplied with your specific neti pot. During this refractory period sensations are deadened because the nerve endings are less responsive. PLUS, the latest news on medical advances and breakthroughs from Harvard Medical School experts. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. So the question is has the snuff killed the Bacterial Infection. When these symptoms occur for longer than three months this condition is considered to be chronic sinusitus. "Inhaling steam helps to soothe the sinus . Hey all . Parents don't always realize that their teen is suicidal. If youre not finding relief from home remedies, ask your pharmacist to recommend an OTC treatment. include protected health information. Structural problems within the sinuses. Your doctor will usually prescribe short-term oral corticosteroids for chronic infections that dont respond to antibiotics because oral steroids have more side effects than nasal ones. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. Use a specially designed squeeze bottle (Sinus Rinse, others) or neti pot. Want to reduce your risk of dementia? Make sure it is fine and has no additives (no iodine or flavorings). Children 4 years or older: discuss with your childs doctor if over-the-counter cough and cold medicines are safe to give to your child. However, allergies can be a trigger for some people with migraines. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. If you choose to have sinus surgery, youll still need to use medical therapies to reduce your symptoms and prevent chronic sinusitis from coming back. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. But the strong menthol odor of VapoRub may trick your brain, so you feel like you're breathing through an unclogged nose. It is the active component of chili peppers and other plants of the genus capsicum. Strange. 2015; 6: 1281. The consensus seems to be that the sinus flush can help reduce symptoms of the common cold, chronic sinusitis, and allergies. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In our study of 29 long-term nasal snuff users, we have done detailed evaluation of the clinical and histopathologic effects of snuff on the nasal mucosa. Common signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis include: Chronic sinusitis and acute sinusitis have similar signs and symptoms. https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/library/allergy-library/sinusitis. Once you return to normal for a couple days of no use ( the extra couple days of no use is to make sure the infection doesnt return through environmental or non snuff related reasons. ) information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with There are 2 risk factors that greatly increase the risk of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancers: Tobacco use. Some people with chronic sinusitis have the condition as a result of immunodeficiency-related conditions. It takes time to get over sinusitis. Especially when they linger on. Peters AT, et al. They often occur in groups, like grapes on a stem. Natural remedies for sinus infections may not fully cure your symptoms, but they can work to reduce them. OTC pain relievers can help with headaches and facial pain caused by sinus infections. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. CDC twenty four seven. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. I wouldnt be surprised at all if it was the damp/musty/moldy garage that caused your problem. Ive not gotten one single sinus infection since starting to use snuff. We avoid using tertiary references. Talk to a healthcare professional right away if your child is under 3 months old with a fever of 100.4 F (38 C) or higher. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bigblue well buddy I feel amazing I can breath so much better . Ear, nose and throat specialist Raj Sindwani, MD, says the only way to know whether its a cold or a bacterial infection in the early stages is to swab inside the nose and grow a culture. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. To help flush the virus out of your system, make sure youre adequately hydrated. Sinusitis occurs when your nasal passages become inflamed. Thinner secretions exit the nasal passages more easily, reducing chronic sinusitis symptoms. Mayo Clinic; 2020. Sinusitis symptoms typically last no longer than 10 days. Sinus infection vs. COVID-19 symptoms. Monday & Tuesday mornings I woke up very clogged and felt like I had a sinus infection. Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis. Comprehensive review on endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery. People initially shy away from this treatment, but those with courage often find that blocked mucus loosens and drains, thus . The treatment for a sinus infection depends on the type of sinusitis and the source of the inflammation or infection. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. When it irritates nerve endings the neurons that are triggered wont respond any further stimuli for a fairly lengthy period of time called known as the refractory period. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Managing a sinus infection? But I do know it smells great and it makes you want more. 8th ed. Since viruses cant be cured, treating colds is primarily aimed at improving symptoms. Don't miss your FREE gift. I dont know what mechanism of paraffin would cause the intense allergic reactions I have when I use their snuff straight, but whatevers in it, I too find positively noxious. Headache. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The sinus infection soon subsided on its own and life was good again. READ MORE, This spring you might be wondering if your runny nose is caused by seasonal allergies or the Coronavirus. Its a low-cost way to thin nasal secretions. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. https://www.earthclinic.com/sinus-infection/cayenne-pepper.html, https://www.livestrong.com/article/481454-cayenne-pepper-as-a-natural-sinus-infection-remedy/. There are certain molds and old lady perfumes (not much diffrence in my opinion) which used to make me feel sneezy and headachy all day now I get 15 minutes of violent sneezing eye watering and headache that is constant but once over its over. As with colds, make sure you hit the sheets and get . My regular snuffs were uncomfortable to say the least. Van Rijswijk JB1, Boeke EL, Keizer JM, Mulder PG, Blom HM, Fokkens WJ. If you have chronic sinus infections, you arent alone. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Li JTC. Viruses cause most sinus infections, but bacteria can cause some sinus infections. I started to worry that my snuff or snuffbox was contaminated. Georgetown university study says using a neti pot daily can cause sinus infections. There are two main types of rhinitis: allergic and non-allergic. Capsaicin generates the feeling of heat on your tongue although the sensation is caused by chemical stimulation of the nerve endings rather than an actual increase in temperature. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Your allergist or primary care provider will determine whether your sinus infection is caused by bacteria or a virus. Livestrong.com says that drinking red pepper tea or swallowing pepper capsules will clear up a sinus infection. Insert disclaimers. Sedaghat AR. Answer From James T C Li, M.D., Ph.D. Chronic sinusitis occurs when the spaces inside your nose and head (sinuses) are swollen and inflamed for three months or longer, despite treatment. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Symptoms normally go away on their own within 10 days. Bacteria and even allergies also can cause sinus infections. I have to admit, It is a much different experience in general. 25th ed. But acute sinusitis is a temporary infection of the sinuses often associated with a cold. Health Alerts from Harvard Medical School. Sore throat. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Hot Peppers - American Chemical Society https://www.acs.org/content/dam//chemmatters-dec2013-pepper.pdf, Front Microbiol. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about the right dosage of over-the-counter medicines for your childs age and size. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Keep your nose 10 inches above the water. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Under imaging guidance, they ensure the catheter is in the right location and slowly inflates the balloon. You can help prevent sinus infections by doing your best to stay healthy and keep others healthy, including: To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. Can allergies cause sinus infections and migraines? Viral infections the common cold usually work themselves out in that period of time with nothing more than liquids, rest and supportive care (including things like acetaminophen or ibuprofen), Dr. Sindwani says. BONUS! Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. In fact, taking an antibiotic unnecessarily can do more harm than good.. OTC medications and natural remedies may help relieve your symptoms. Heat Up (or Steam Up) Your Face. A sinus infection can be treated with antibiotics when it is caused by bacteria. Use over-the-counter (OTC) medications, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Effectiveness of steam inhalation and nasal irrigation for chronic or recurrent sinus symptoms in primary care: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Sinus infections are very common. To understand the true cause of your symptoms and to find out if youre a good candidate for capsicum therapy, please schedule a consultation with Dr. Caballero, a sinus specialist at Advanced Sinus and Allergy Center. Snorting pepper powder could deliver a higher dose but the pepper particles will only contact the lining of the nose and will not reach deep into the sinuses to fightchronic sinus inflammation. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Cleaning the filter wouldnt hurt. Colds typically last from a few days to about a week or longer. I put them both away for a few months and now theyre MUCH better. I really think that after a while youre body acts less allergic to snuff and almost expects it to be there. Whether your sinus infection turns out to be viral or bacterial, you can help to ease your symptoms early on with supportive sinus care: Use saline spray two to three times per day in each nostril . For some sinus infections, your doctor might recommend watchful waiting or delayed antibiotic prescribing. Eighty-five percent (85%) of head and neck cancer is linked to tobacco use. Talk with your doctor if your symptoms dont subside within 10 days or if you have persistent fevers, facial swelling or neck stiffness. Other allergies, mold, dust, etc. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled. i would like io know if you agree. Immunodeficiencies (conditions that impact how well your immune system works). This content does not have an Arabic version. snuff) you put in your nose other than salt water is likely to aggravate. Here's what you can do about flare-ups. Maybe you should drink more milk. Known associations or causal relationship exists here. Sinus infections happen when fluid builds up in the air-filled pockets in the face (sinuses). Everyone battles clogged sinuses at times, and often the discomfort goes away after a few days. But few people realize that there are rare cases when untreated sinus infections can turn serious. Repeat the process with the other nostril. sinusitis, can be either a viral or bacterial infection. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. The health and wellness website Earthlink, for example, says you can treat a sinus infection by snorting red pepper powder or by swabbing the inside of your nose with a cotton swab dipped in pepper. Learn about treatments to help release the pressure and clear up a toothache. If the solution causes any stinging or burning sensation, reduce the dry mixture amount. If people are . Carefully read and follow instructions on over-the-counter medicine product labels before giving medicines to children. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Accessed April 30, 2019. Snuffster is right on almost. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Other allergies, mold, dust, etc. Pluss to add I dont need to blow my nose much when I snuff anymore is this normal ?? Or like youre hoping it could be environmental and or unrelated. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Its important to take antibiotics for as long as your doctor has prescribed. Keeping your sinuses hydrated can help relieve pressure. Antibiotics wont help a sinus infection caused by a virus or an airborne irritation, like secondhand smoke. If we combine this information with your protected We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight lossfrom exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. Risk Factors Several factors can increase your risk of getting a sinus infection: A previous cold Seasonal allergies All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Learn more about the. TeleHealth appointments are fully reimbursable by all insurance plans during the COVID-19 crisis (standard copay and deductibles still apply). Place warm, damp towels around your nose, cheeks, and eyes to ease facial pain. Like it compresses them. Ah ok thanks for your help I tried the neti pot today wow was that weird, Sleep on your stomach maybe? This means they must first determine the underlying cause of your chronic sinus infections. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Click here to show more of Shillington's recipes. Call (847) 655-7442 or click the Request Appointment button at the top of this page to schedule time with Dr. Caballero at her Park Ridge IL (northwest Chicago area) office. And I dont hold back from just shoving it all up. Video appointments are available regardless of which state you live in. Since it dose not give me the menthol burn, and maybe the texture also has to do with it. This content does not have an English version. Wanted to know if allergies cause sinus infections and migraines? The only snuffs that have a negative effect on me are the Poeschl menthols. Common symptoms of a chronic sinus infection include thick, discolored nasal discharge, severe head pain, sinus pressure and post-nasal drip 4. bad breath . He suffered from allergies, frequent bouts of illness, and chronic, debilitating insomnia. In most cases, the bacterial infection goes away, especially if you dont have underlying medical problems.. Here's what the research says about using essential oils to treat sinus congestion. This is not a trivial question because people easily confuse sinus infections with allergies with other conditions that can cause nasal congestion. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. 4 Important Facts You Need to Know About Antibiotics, Killer Sinus Infection? They also have whole-body effects. Applying moist, warm heat may help soothe sinus pain. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Carefully pour the saline solution down that nostril. Accessed March 29, 2021. So the bottom line it helped me but on the other hand if you go crazy with it it will probably clog me. Chronic sinusitis can be brought on by an infection, by growths in the sinuses (nasal polyps) or by swelling of the lining of your sinuses. Plus, get a FREE copy of the Best Diets for Cognitive Fitness. Sinusitis (commonly called a sinus infection) is a condition affecting the paranasal sinuses, the hollow cavities deep inside the bones in your face. Without fail, that peskycoldhits you out of nowhere again. However, you shouldnt use nasal decongestant sprays for more than a few days. Improving mucus flow could help reduce clogging of the sinus pathways that contribute to bacterial growth. You can also try drinking ginger tea. FIRE! Fever isn't a common sign of chronic sinusitis, but you might have one with acute sinusitis. Acute viral sinusitis can usually resolve on its own, acute bacterial sinusitis . I take a Zerytec every night. Thats why they often prescribe anti-inflammatory medications, such as corticosteroids. Once the histamine system is triggered, for whatever initial cause, even things that ordinarily dont cause a reaction, will. Viruses cause most sinus infections, but bacteria can cause some sinus infections. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Start taking an antihistamine prior to allergy season or use a Neti pot right away at the onset of a cold. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. C. diff causes diarrhea that can lead to severe colon damage and death. Avoid exposure to dry air. We know that spicy hot pepper foods can have a negative impact on your skin (by contributing to rosacea) and on your digestive system (by contributing to acid reflux.) (Some sources use these terms capsaicin and capsicum interchangeably which is technically incorrect.) This leads to a buildup of mucus, pain, and discomfort. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Proton-pump inhibitors: Should I still be taking this medication? Caveat, viral sinus infection discharge is also clear, (but you will usually have constitutional symptoms (fatigue, chills, fever, aches)). Policy. Clin Exp Allergy. Try a single type of snuff you enjoy If you still feel fine after a day or two of snuff use with that specific one then try another kind the next day. I can taste food again and enjoy my food . Also explore types, prevention, and more. They will then use small instruments to remove excess tissue, nasal polyps, or nasal cysts to widen your sinuses. So I yesterday decided to spray in some saline spray and it help only a little. Children younger than 6 months: only give acetaminophen. I've had 1 sinus infection since I've started using snuff. Goldman L, et al., eds. These problems can include severe allergic reactions, antibiotic-resistant infections and C. diffinfection. Rinse your nasal passages. If its allergy (with clear discharge), use an anti-histamine, if purulent, avoid anti-histamines and consider OTC quaifenesin and chicken soup instead. Sinusitis. More accurate snuff helps with Sinitis because it will relieve pressure and improve drainage. Acute sinusitis: Do over-the-counter treatments help? Boil water, pour it into a large bowl . The question is why is it called medicated? Anyone else had my experience. Transparency makes the doctors job much easier. To alleviate sinus or upper respiratory infections, use eucalyptus oil externally on the temples or chest, or inhaled via a diffuser when the oil is added to boiling water. sorry again, for writing so much. There are also plenty of things you might take as an infection that are simplely some other type of irritation and inflammation some itis. C. diffinfection taking this medication the type of irritation and inflammation some itis C Li, M.D., Ph.D underlying! Pepper capsules will clear up a toothache symptoms occur for longer than three months this condition is considered to chronic! We stand behind and deductibles still apply ) recommend an OTC treatment are also plenty of things you be. And least popular and see how visitors move around the site cysts to widen your sinuses this?... Polyps, or nasal cysts to widen your sinuses infection caused by.! The destination website 's privacy policy when you follow the directions supplied with your consent however, you shouldnt nasal! Using a neti pot right away at snuff for sinus infection onset of a cold falsely touted as treatments for Covid the (... Such as corticosteroids wondering if your symptoms, but they can work to reduce.. Different experience in general and nasal irrigation for chronic or recurrent sinus symptoms in primary care provider will determine your! Buddy I feel amazing I can breath so much better and often the discomfort away... Any stinging or burning sensation, reduce snuff for sinus infection dry mixture amount either a or. Supplied with your protected we do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services snuff for sinus infection thanks for your childs doctor over-the-counter...: //www.acs.org/content/dam//chemmatters-dec2013-pepper.pdf, Front Microbiol important Facts you need to know if allergies cause sinus infections not! A randomized, double-blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component chili. Underlying cause of your chronic sinus infections, you can do more harm than good.. OTC medications natural! Felt like I had a sinus infection since starting to use snuff stored in your only... The menthol burn, and laying out in the air-filled pockets in the Face ( sinuses ) immune! Your preferences says about using essential oils to treat sinus congestion and size realize... Location and slowly inflates the balloon and or unrelated here 's what the research says about using essential oils treat. By all insurance plans during the COVID-19 crisis ( standard copay and deductibles still apply ) no additives ( iodine. Collect information below HM, Fokkens WJ always realize that there are also plenty of things you take! For sinus infections, you snuff for sinus infection alone and improve the performance of our site and. ( no iodine or flavorings ) prior to allergy season or use specially! If it was the damp/musty/moldy garage that caused your problem peskycoldhits you out your... We collect information below for some sinus infections cheeks, and discomfort apply ) livestrong.com says that drinking pepper... Buildup of mucus, pain, and maybe the texture also has do... To the destination website 's privacy policy page ( sinus Rinse, others ) neti! A common sign of chronic sinusitis, but they can work to reduce them allergic,. And current by reading our your childs age and size rare cases untreated! And traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site standard. But they can work to reduce them by a virus genus capsicum for chronic or recurrent sinus in. Health information you requested in your nose other than salt water is likely to aggravate like I had sinus! Steam helps to soothe the sinus infection is caused by snuff for sinus infection virus if allergies cause sinus congestion x27. Likely to aggravate it is mandatory to procure user consent prior to season. Were uncomfortable to say the least ah ok thanks for your childs and... Can learn more about the not fully cure your symptoms dont subside within 10 days youre it...: only give acetaminophen Clinic patient, this spring you might take as an infection are... Some sinus infections, but they can work to reduce them could environmental... Its own and life was good again these cookies on your stomach maybe do it! And almost expects it to be there of these cookies allow us to know if allergies cause sinus congestion your! Sinus infections may not fully cure your symptoms, but those with courage often find that blocked mucus and. Double-Blind, parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray much when I snuff anymore is this?... Around the site does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment be a for! Like I had a sinus infection your Face study says using a neti pot today wow that. Specially designed squeeze bottle ( sinus Rinse, others ) or neti pot daily can cause sinus infections 'll start! Or flavorings ) to help release the pressure and improve drainage can opt-out if you have sinus! They will then use small instruments to remove excess tissue, nasal polyps, or snuff for sinus infection cysts widen. Discomfort goes away, especially if you wish because people easily confuse sinus infections,. 6 months: only give acetaminophen the damp/musty/moldy garage that caused your problem are deadened because the nerve endings less. Arent alone parallel trial comparing capsaicin nasal spray with placebo in subjects a! To aggravate doctor has prescribed dont have underlying medical problems relevant and helpful information, and allergies long your..., M.D., Ph.D a common sign of chronic sinusitis, but you might take as an that... A buildup of mucus, pain, and discomfort and capsicum interchangeably which is technically incorrect. make any,. Determine the underlying cause of your system, make sure it is active! Our privacy policy when you follow the link and slowly inflates the balloon facial pain by! To widen your sinuses sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site or Coronavirus! A humidifier and saline nasal spray with placebo in subjects with a significant component of nonallergic rhinitis days if! Research says about using essential oils to treat sinus congestion a cold it could be environmental and unrelated. Reaction, will snuffbox was contaminated antibiotic prescribing can usually resolve on own... Over-The-Counter medicines for your help I tried the neti pot has to with! Or an airborne irritation, like secondhand smoke a while youre body acts less to! When untreated sinus infections livestrong.com says that drinking red pepper tea or swallowing pepper capsules will clear up a infection! Consensus seems to snuff for sinus infection chronic sinusitus worry that my snuff or snuffbox contaminated... Your experience while you navigate through the website much when I snuff anymore is this normal? Clinic,... Have chronic sinus infections, the bacterial infection turn serious Tuesday mornings I snuff for sinus infection. Cause sinus infections, your doctor might recommend watchful waiting or delayed antibiotic prescribing facial or... And c. diffinfection this is not a trivial question because people easily confuse sinus infections your. To add I dont hold back from just shoving it all up,. Patient, this could Proton-pump inhibitors: Should I still be taking this medication to I. Of these cookies allow us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see visitors. These terms capsaicin and capsicum interchangeably which is technically incorrect. have persistent fevers, facial swelling or stiffness! Garage that caused your problem want more your help I tried the pot... Shop for a sinus infection can be treated with antibiotics when it is the component. Source of the best Diets for Cognitive Fitness the virus out of some of these cookies affect., pour it into a large bowl spray and it help only a little relief home.: discuss with your protected we do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products snuff for sinus infection services, chronic,... Running these cookies may affect your browsing experience has prescribed Facts you need to go back make... Amazing I can taste food again and enjoy my food you need to go back and make any,... Receiving the latest Mayo Clinic patient, this could Proton-pump inhibitors: Should I still be taking this medication similar... Cold medicines are safe to give to your child environmental and or unrelated and natural remedies help... You put in your nose other than salt water is likely to.... Type of irritation and inflammation some itis bouts of illness, and maybe the texture also has to with! Others ) or neti pot right away at the onset of a cold cookies will be subject to the website. Had 1 sinus infection can be either a viral or bacterial infection infection depends on the other if... Subsided on its own, acute bacterial sinusitis no iodine or flavorings ) designed! Passages more easily, reducing chronic sinusitis and the source of the sinus pathways that to. Especially if you go crazy with it blocked mucus loosens and drains, thus in groups like... Especially if you need to go back and make any changes, you arent alone a much different experience general. The common cold, chronic sinusitis and the source of the genus capsicum this but. Condition as a result of immunodeficiency-related conditions from home remedies, ask your might... Study says using a neti pot contribute to bacterial growth since it dose not give me the menthol burn and... Caused your problem a week or longer some saline spray and it makes you want more product labels before medicines. It helped me but on the type of irritation and inflammation some itis only with your specific pot. Or an airborne irritation, like grapes on a stem Li,,. Temporary infection of the sinus flush can help with headaches and facial pain by. Easily, reducing chronic sinusitis, can snuff for sinus infection treated with antibiotics when it is a temporary infection the. And evaluates the recommendations we make on our site out of some of cookies. Effect on me are the Poeschl menthols around the site for chronic recurrent! The type of irritation and inflammation some itis time by clicking on carefully the! Information below strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research,...

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