negative effects of imperialism in the middle east

As early as the mid 1800s, the European countries craved the idea of power and conquering new lands in order to obtain resources/raw materials. Imperialism is the domination of a weaker country by a stronger country. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Imperialism in the Middle East and North Africa, Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire, there are multiple claimants to power in different regions. In addition to having their economy and government controlled for them, the long term imperialism drains their small scale industry and resources. The European took full control of africa and of the middle east, but european was not the only country that was trying to take control of Africa, but there was more countries fighting for it, European was constantly fighting with other to take over the middle east.By the end . But beginning in the nineteenth century, the empire began to decline, and many of its territories fell to European control. Along with the "Near" and "Far East," British imperialists coined the term in the nineteenth century. In many cases, this negative perception is rooted in decades-long conflicts and the history of US involvement in the region. Measures for these purposes have included collective security arrangements, the mandate and the trusteeship system for dependent areas, the stimulation of cultural relations between nations, aid to developing countries, and the improvement of health and welfare everywhere.See alsocolonialism. Between the 15th century and the middle of the 18th, England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain built empires in the Americas, India, and the East Indies. Egypts ruler, Muhammad Ali, by increasingly borrowing from the Western powers, made his kingdom bankrupt and this led to Western domination. Over the next century, slavery was abolished and Belgium began by establishing the Free Congo State in order to make money. Some, like the Palestinians, didn't get a nation-state at all. Encyclopedia.com. Socially, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity. Some argue it includes everything between Egypt and India. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The Age of Imperialism took place between 1800-1914. New York: Vintage, 1979. In Iran, Jalal Al-e Ahmad's concept of gharbzadegi or "Westoxication" contributed to the explicitly anti-Western character of the 1979 revolution. Economic motives were a major cause of New Imperialism. By the late 1870's countries were industrializing rapidly. The major reason for this delay was the power and durability of the Ottoman Empire. Direct imperial domination had evoked a fairly uniform nationalist reaction throughout the region, but the more nebulous concept of cultural imperialism led its proponents in different directions. Many promises were left unfulfilled, however, as cultural communities such as the Kurds were left with no territory of their own. Most people have negative impression towards Empire and Imperialism. Map of the Sykes-Picot agreement which divided the Middle East into four territories. If properly handled they would remain in a state of political mosaic, a tissue of small jealous principalities incapable of cohesion.. Berque, Jacques. There are some positive effects of imperialism, which help the smaller countries in the initial stages. Other Islamic activist movements have, to varying degrees, shared hostility or suspicion of the West as an imperialist force. The Good Aspects. So, imperialised countries had a pause button pressed on their political growth. Their empire spanned the U.S Colonies, Canada, India, Middle East, Australia, Caribbean islands, and Africa. Amin, Samir. It resulted in slave trade, caused cultures to be destroyed and took away countries natural resources. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Map: Kurdish Territory Their goal was to gain the most wealth and to have the most territory. Related to the security argument is the argument that nations are inevitably imperialistic in their natural search for power and prestige. The East India Company gradually became rulers from traders and eventually dominated the whole of India. China was divided into several Spheres of influence by European powers. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. It also damaged the cultures and created disunity among the natives. Their efforts to Turkicize the Empire were cited by some as the reason for the growth of Arab Nationalism. On the right is a zoomed-in portion of the map that shows the Suez Canal and how it connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Following the Arab Spring of 2011-2012, it was hoped that there would be a wave of democratic regimes across the region. Instead of being their own country, they are the epigone of another. In Palestine, in particular, Britain was committed in the terms of the Balfour Declaration (1917) to fostering the establishment of a Jewish national home. British withdrawal from Palestine in 1948 brought on Israel's declaration of independence and the first ArabIsrael War. Imperialism will never be right whatever the country's reason for doing it as it brings pain, injury, scars and many negative effects to the people involved. In many parts of the colonized world, the traditional cultures were destroyed or replaced by western culture. Thats why England wanted India so bad because then they could tax all trade from Asia and Europe and make lots of money. In the eyes of many Arabs and Muslims, the migration of tens of thousands of Jews from Europe to Palestine represented a form of settler colonialism similar to that in Algeria. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Imperialism was both, good and bad. the British) was infidelity and warranted the betrayal at the end. Survival of the fittest, as the well renowned Charles Darwin used to say. After World War II, the greatly depleted European powers were no longer able to bear the cost, either in money or manpower. In 1900, primarily for strategic reasons, France began the occupation of the territory that subsequently became Mauritania, and in 1912, in partnership with Spain, it imposed a protectorate on the sultanate of Morocco. Throughout the history of the world, imperialism has played a major role. This was the view held, for instance, by Vladimir Lenin and N.I. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. Though the influence of Great Britain on Middle Eastern politics may be said to begin from the gaining of Cyprus from the Ottomans in 1878, the 1882 occupation of Egypt was the decisive moment in the geopolitical history of British imperialism in the Middle East. This is just a sample. Informal colonialism ensured that countries like Egypt remained dependent on European nations through treaties, concessions, protectorate or mandate status. Countries such as Thailand and Iran have never been colonized by other nations, yet the countries are well developed and ranked fairly high in the Human Development Index (HDI), a measure of the countrys social and economic status. Armenians and Kurds looked to the peace negotiators to grant them independence from outside control, even if it meant accepting some measure of European protection. American culture, including clothing, music and food, has had a large impact on other countries. POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS The Negative Effects Of Imperialism On Africa 755 Words | 4 Pages. Before the arrival of the British, they were the center of trade because of its location in between China and Europe. Imperialism is the act of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker nation. Examples from history include Greek imperialism under Alexander the Great and Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini. There were multiple effects deposited on the indigenous inhabitants of Africa, including social and economic. young algerians; Imperialism has been the strongest force this past century; Enslaving natives, while obliterating civilizations. Even after Egypt gained independence in 1922, the Suez Canal Company continued to own and profit from the canal. Thanks to a concession signed 50 years earlier, by 1951, Iran's vast oil wealth was controlled by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, which despite its name, was a British company. London: Zed Books, 1982. (416) 968-4111 Despite the substantial similarities between European and Middle Eastern empires, the term imperialism is rarely used to describe the underlying principles of the Ottoman Empire. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism, Alpha History - Imperialism as a cause of World War I, 1914-1918 online - International Encyclopedia of the First World War - Imperialism. These mother countries changed the administrative, social and economic policies of the colony for their own benefits. It led to slave trade which then led to social discrimination around the world. Dr. Lalvani is one of the few who believe that imperialism was beneficial, Imperialism was all about power, because whether it was militarily or economically, the country taking over needed ascendancy to assert their influence and control onto another. They both challenged British economic imperialism. European Imperialism in parts of the Middle east, Africa, and Asia had more of a positive impact on the world due to education, modernization, healthcare/sanitation, and more trade/resources used. bonaparte, napolon; This action is done due to economic, exploratory, ethnocentric, political and religious reasons (Potter lecture). The decision of the Young Turks to join the Central Powers in the First World War was the final nail in the coffin. It led to slave trade which then led to social discrimination around the world. Then, very quickly that gets shut down. Britain was imperialistic for many reasons, it could dominate because it had the technology and power to do so. Rulers granted concessions to European entrepreneurs for the building of canals, railroads, and telegraph lines; operation of banks; and marketing of primary products. Then, in came the British government, in 1857, and made India officially a British colony.The government the British had in place and left behind was, and is, highly efficient, but the British ruined Indias soil and there was massive deforestation, which led to many famines, and it was only after the British left India altogether that Indias population became more educated and literate. This was during a period when most of the rulers in the region were trying to modernize their states and rival the West both militarily and financially. Each country had it's own motives for wanting to gain an empire and some of the reason were Economic, Political, Religious and Exploitation. DEFINITIONS During the First World War, the Ottomans sided with the Central Powers against Britain and France. Basically, British and French diplomats got together in a room and drew lines on a map to determine which of them would control what Ottoman territories. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. This led to the natives rebelling which arguably led to World War 1 later on. Let's explore the connections between decolonization and the Cold War by looking at the two most populous Middle Eastern nations: Egypt and Iran. As direct imperial control waned and overt indirect control in the form of military bases and foreign ownership of oil companies diminished in the 1950s and 1960s, cultural imperialism came to be looked upon as a pervasive remnant of the imperialist era. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible. The Suez Canal cut that trip in half. The third group of arguments has to do with strategy and security. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Originating around 1300, the Ottoman Empire eventually expanded to include most of the Balkans and the Black Sea area, Anatolia, the Fertile Crescent, and northern Africa as far west as the borders of Morocco. Imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire, it originated from the latin word imperium. Colonialism, resistance, regional conflicts, and global Cold War confrontations all swirl in the waters of the Suez Canal. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Images: Modernizing Leaders (Atatrk, Reza Shah and Amanullah Khan) Francisco Franco granted the Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara independence in 1975, but this led to conflict with Morocco that had not been resolved by the early twenty-first century. The effects of imperialism in East Asia were not limited to economic and cultural changes. The liberal ideas and emphasis on equality and human rationality affected the plight of women profoundly and favorably. There were both positive and negative effects to imperialism, with the loss of many original citizens, but gaining different ways of life through cultural diffusion. Nations are urged, proponents of this viewpoint say, to obtain bases, strategic materials, buffer states, natural frontiers, and control of communication lines for reasons of security or to prevent other states from obtaining them. These effects may deceive people into thinking that imperialism was all sunshine and rainbows but in reality, imperialism brutally destroyed the different aspects of a country. Negative Effects Of Imperialism. See also ; Price: 65.00 . It is interesting to note that the division of the Fertile Crescent into Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq and Palestine were more based on strategic interests or oil. They were however, not interested in the stability of the region for the future. The period from the middle of the 19th century and World War I (1914 to 1918) were again characterized by a rapid spread of imperialism. 3 (September 2006) negative image (Huns, vandals); 5) Use of political labels (such as Nazis or imperialists) in describing the hostile party as a political entity that poses a threat to the fundamental values of the society. European valued things metals, cotton, iron. In the 1800s, these resources were very valuable, especially to Europe. This ruined the very base of the economic development of the countries of Asia and Africa. They ruined the traditional handicrafts and cottage industry of the colonies and rendered many people jobless. They considered themselves socially superior and culturally more advanced than the people of their colonies. Imperialism is a policy by a stronger nation to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily. Sherif Husein, the leader of the Arab Revolt was promised a separate state after the war but was betrayed. Said, Edward. The decline of the Ottoman Empire created a strategic vacuum which was capitalised by the European powers, particularly the British. The British suppression of the revolt in Iraq by force worsened the situation. The term "the Middle East" is itself a British colonial invention. Imperialism is excused as the means of liberating peoples from tyrannical rule or of bringing them the blessings of a superior way of life. Key Figure: Mossadegh Some clear distinctions between the way the Ottomans and the Europeans ran their empires may be noted. When the Company lost control, the British government took over India. The following excerpt from T.E Lawrences intelligence memo in January 1916 proves it:The Revolt is beneficial to us, because it marches with our immediate aims, the breakup of the Islamic bloc and the defeat and disruption of the Ottoman Empire, and because the states [Sharif Hussein] would set up to succeed the Turks would beharmless to ourselvesThe Arabs are even less stable than the Turks. One by one, the countries of the Middle East became free of direct imperial control. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. Imperialism can be used as an act of expanding used as an act of developing a countrys empire through the use of force, colonization, or coercion. qaida, al-; The United States and Soviet Union competed against each other to gain allies and influence in the Middle East. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Former colonies, and countries retaining sovereignty, regrouped, gathered national together with a new sense of national unity, and joined the new global system of nation-state diplomacy. Africa is home to countless resources including cocoa, diamonds, as well as metals such as iron and copper. Post 1960s, we see a revival of these groups and the Western powers have only aggravated the situation in the region by making use of these regional frictions between what were basically peaceful communities. Photo of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nassar and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru speaking to one another on a set of brick stairs. The efforts put in by Europe to colonize weak countries resulted in improvement of education and sanitation in the colonized countries. Also, the rise of modern Islamic thought as an alternative to existing world ideologies has challenged the concept of the nation-state as a part of the broader challenge to the Western discourse on modernity. In their modern form, arguments about the causes and value of imperialism can be classified into four main groups. Enemies and rivals were put together as one territory, while countries with friendly relationships were divided up. British rule brought Western technologies that improved medicine, transportation, warfare, and production of . Imperialism impacted societies in countless negative ways. What is imperialism? In Confessions of Faith, Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist in Africa, wrote about how the British had begun colonization. British colonialism and imperialism were some of the most powerful forces in world history. More often, imperialism is defined as a peculiarly European phenomenon embodying military or political control of non-European peoples; unrestrained exploitation of their economies for the disproportionate benefit of the European home country; feelings of racial, religious, and cultural superiority over the dominated peoples; and, in some regions, the implantation of European colonies or importation of nonindigenous laborers, often as slaves. European control argument is the domination of a strong nation overtaking a smaller, weaker.. Portion of the countries of Asia and Africa 1800s, these resources were very valuable especially! Dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily efforts negative effects of imperialism in the middle east by! Definitions During the First world War 1 later on to power in different regions in Africa, social. 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